Army unit that loosely inspired . Louis Cardinals in the 1. Sidney Freedman on TV's . Marshal Matt Dillon on . Robert. Former GOP Illinois House speaker.. Health and Human Services Secretary.. Fredric. Pioneering dermatologist, author and early proponent of Botox.. Navy diver, portrayed in the 2. Men of Honor. Martini in the classic film . Truett. Chick- fil- A founder.. House member in North Carolina.. Russell. The last World War I veteran in Ohio, and one of only three known remaining U. S. Kennedy's limousine.. Wayne. Head of the Iowa Girls High School Athletic Union.. Martin. Animator, actor voiced characters on . Senator of Illinois.. Senator from New Hampshire.. Representative from California.. Eliot and zealous guardian of the poet's literary legacy.. Korvette chain of discount stores.. Paralympic swim coach developed Olympic and Paralympic champions.. Louis Cardinals pitcher from 1. Bombay on the sitcom . 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It is the only nation with both a Red Sea coast and a Persian Gulf coast and most of its terrain consists of arid desert and mountains. The area of modern- day Saudi Arabia formerly consisted of four distinct regions: Hejaz, Najd and parts of Eastern Arabia (Al- Ahsa) and Southern Arabia ('Asir). He united the four regions into a single state through a series of conquests beginning in 1. Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud. Saudi Arabia has since been an absolute monarchy, effectively a hereditary dictatorship governed along Islamic lines. The state has a total population of 2. Saudi nationals and 8 million are foreigners. Although this is normally translated as . Its inclusion expresses the view that the country is the personal possession of the royal family. In the case of the Al Saud, this is the father of the dynasty's 1. Muhammad bin Saud. The history before the foundation of Saudi Arabia divided into two phases: pre- Islam and after Islam. Pre- Islamic Arabia. Religions of the people of the Arabian Peninsula before Islam consisted of indigenous polytheistic beliefs, Arabian Christianity, Nestorian Christianity, Judaism and Zoroastrianism. Al- Magar is where the first domestication of animals occurred, particularly the horse, during the Neolithic period. BC. Fragment of a wall painting showing a Kindite king, 1st century CE. One of the earliest inscriptions naming Dilmun is that of King Ur- Nanshe of Lagash (c. BC) discovered in a door- socket: . More than 9,0. 00 Thamudic inscriptions were recorded in south- west Saudi Arabia. Nabatene to the borderland between Arabia and Syria, from the Euphrates to the Red Sea. Their loosely controlled trading network, which centered on strings of oases that they controlled, where agriculture was intensively practiced in limited areas, and on the routes that linked them, had no securely defined boundaries in the surrounding desert. Trajan conquered the Nabataean kingdom, annexing it to the Roman Empire, where their individual culture, easily identified by their characteristic finely potted painted ceramics, was adopted into the larger Greco- Roman culture. They were later converted to Christianity. Jane Taylor, a writer, describes them as . It was located in northwestern of the now- day Saudi Arabia, and is known for its Ancient North Arabian inscriptions dating to ca. Its kings exercised an influence over a number of associated tribes more by personal prestige than by coercive settled authority. Their first capital was Qaryat Dh. In the early 7th century, Muhammad united the various tribes of the peninsula and created a single Islamic religious polity. Arabia soon became a more politically peripheral region of the Muslim world as the focus shifted to the vast and newly conquered lands. It was also larger than any previous empire in history. Arab dynasties, originating from modern- day Saudi Arabia, Hejaz in particular, founded the Rashidun (6. Umayyad (6. 61–7. Abbasid (7. 50–1. Fatimid (9. 09- 1. Most of the remainder of what became Saudi Arabia reverted to traditional tribal rule. In 9. 30, the Qarmatians pillaged Mecca, outraging the Muslim world, particularly with their theft of the Black Stone. The Bani Khalid tribe later revolted against them in 1. One reason was to thwart Portuguese attempts to attack the Red Sea (hence the Hejaz) and the Indian Ocean. Throughout the rest of the 1. Al Saud contested control of the interior of what was to become Saudi Arabia with another Arabian ruling family, the Al Rashid. By 1. 89. 1, the Al Rashid were victorious and the Al Saud were driven into exile in Kuwait. Subject to this suzerainty, Arabia was ruled by a patchwork of tribal rulers. Following the latter's final defeat, he took the title Sultan of Nejd in 1. With the help of the Ikhwan, the Hejaz was conquered in 1. January 1. 92. 6, Ibn Saud declared himself King of the Hejaz. For the next five years, he administered the two parts of his dual kingdom as separate units. This met with Ibn Saud's opposition, as he recognized the danger of a direct conflict with the British. At the same time, the Ikhwan became disenchanted with Ibn Saud's domestic policies which appeared to favor modernization and the increase in the number of non- Muslim foreigners in the country. As a result, they turned against Ibn Saud and, after a two- year struggle, were defeated in 1. Battle of Sabilla, where their leaders were massacred. Oil provided Saudi Arabia with economic prosperity and substantial political leverage internationally. However, the large influx of foreign workers in Saudi Arabia in the oil industry increased the pre- existing propensity for xenophobia. At the same time, the government became increasingly wasteful and extravagant. By the 1. 95. 0s this had led to large governmental deficits and excessive foreign borrowing. In 1. 97. 2, Saudi Arabia gained a 2. Aramco, thereby decreasing US control over Saudi oil. In 1. 97. 3, Saudi Arabia led an oil boycott against the Western countries that supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War against Egypt and Syria. Oil prices quadrupled. The first was the Iranian Islamic Revolution. It was feared that the country's Shi'ite minority in the Eastern Province (which is also the location of the oil fields) might rebel under the influence of their Iranian co- religionists. There were several anti- government uprisings in the region such as the 1. Qatif Uprising. The militants involved were in part angered by what they considered to be the corruption and un- Islamic nature of the Saudi government. Part of the response of the royal family was to enforce a much stricter observance of traditional religious and social norms in the country (for example, the closure of cinemas) and to give the Ulema a greater role in government. Saudi Arabia, struck oil on 4 March 1. In 1. 98. 0, Saudi Arabia bought out the American interests in Aramco. He was succeeded by his brother, King Fahd, who added the title . Fahd continued to develop close relations with the United States and increased the purchase of American and British military equipment. It led to rapid technological (but not cultural) modernisation, urbanization, mass public education and the creation of new media. This and the presence of increasingly large numbers of foreign workers greatly affected traditional Saudi norms and values. Although there was dramatic change in the social and economic life of the country, political power continued to be monopolized by the royal family. He invited the Kuwaiti government and many of its citizens to stay in Saudi Arabia, but expelled citizens of Yemen and Jordan because of their governments' support of Iraq. In 1. 99. 1, Saudi Arabian forces were involved both in bombing raids on Iraq and in the land invasion that helped to liberate Kuwait. Saudi Arabia's relations with the West began to cause growing concern among some of the ulema and students of sharia law and was one of the issues that led to an increase in Islamist terrorism in Saudi Arabia, as well as Islamist terrorist attacks in Western countries by Saudi nationals. Osama bin Laden was a Saudi national (until stripped of his nationality in 1. U. S. 1. 5 of the 1. September 1. 1 attacks in New York City, Washington, D. C., and near Shanksville, Pennsylvania were Saudi nationals. Although now extremely wealthy, Saudi Arabia's economy was near stagnant. High taxes and a growth in unemployment have contributed to discontent, and has been reflected in a rise in civil unrest, and discontent with the royal family. In response, a number of limited . In March 1. 99. 2, he introduced the . In December 1. 99. Consultative Council was inaugurated. It is composed of a chairman and 6. King. The King's intent was to respond to dissent while making as few actual changes in the status quo as possible. However, his authority was hindered by conflict with Fahd's full brothers (known, with Fahd, as the . Women were not allowed to take part in the poll. The king introduced a number of economic reforms aimed at reducing the country's reliance on oil revenue: limited deregulation, encouragement of foreign investment, and privatization. In February 2. 00. Abdullah announced a series of governmental changes to the judiciary, armed forces, and various ministries to modernize these institutions including the replacement of senior appointees in the judiciary and the Mutaween (religious police) with more moderate individuals and the appointment of the country's first female deputy minister. Tribal identity remains strong and, outside of the royal family, political influence is frequently determined by tribal affiliation, with tribal sheikhs maintaining a considerable degree of influence over local and national events. The family's vast numbers allow it to control most of the kingdom's important posts and to have an involvement and presence at all levels of government. There were divisions within the family over who should succeed to the throne after the accession or earlier death of Prince Sultan. However, nepotism and patronage are widespread when doing business in the country. The enforcement of the anti- corruption laws is selective and public officials engage in corruption with impunity. There has been mounting pressure to reform and modernize the royal family's rule, an agenda championed by King Abdullah both before and after his accession in 2. The creation of the Consultative Council in the early 1. National Dialogue Forum was announced that would allow selected professionals and intellectuals to publicly debate current national issues, within certain prescribed parameters. In 2. 00. 5, the first municipal elections were held. In 2. 00. 7, the Allegiance Council was created to regulate the succession.
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